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1 "At the time of their marriage, Rebecca Kellogg was an aging spinster of 50 and Benjamin Ashley only age 30. Benjamin and Rebecca Ashley became teachers in the Indian school in Stockbridge about 1752, 'she being employed as an interpreter'". Family: F895
 
2 "It was stated in an early volume of the NEHG Register, in an article on the Wright family, that Elizur Wright of Springfield, Mass., married MARY PARDEE, and this statement was repeated in Savage's Genealogical Dictionary and in many subsequent publications. No record proof of this statement has been found, and because of the dates it is certain that Mary does not belong to the George Pardee family. It is believed that the statement was based on family tradition or private records. Since she did not belong to the family of George, and no other Pardee family has been located in New England at so early a date, the statement that she was a Pardee should be confirmed by contemporary records before it is accepted as accurate." Family: F714
 
3 "Steere, Thomas S., of Stephen, and Delia B. Tallman, of John; m. by Obed Pain, Justice, Feb. 12, 1843" Family: F7
 
4 "The Ashley who eventually married Moses Thomas I's [Sr.'s] widow, Sarah (Horton) Thomas, is the same Benjamin Ashley found in note 5 [in Legend of Cushetunk, marrying Rebecca Kellogg]. His name is on a list of sixty-nine of the original Wyoming settlers in 1762 prepared at the request of the Pennsylvania Assembly in 1783, and also on the list of settlers actually on the ground at Wyoming in 1769. His estate was probated Decmeber 20, 1778, and Sarah [Horton Thomas] Ashley's on December 1, 1779. Nathaniel Evans, her son-in-law, was her administrator. Family: F313
 
5 Church record, First Congregational Society, Unitarian, Uxbridge, MA Family: F1066
 
6 Date of marriage surmised from date of birth of last child with first wife Joan Hucker of Cohannett and first child with Martha Copp. Family: F642
 
7 History of Deerfield says Mary, perhaps daughter of Christopher Stanley of Boston.

Founders and Patriots has a Thomas Stanley in Hadley, who is worth checking out.

Virkus does not give her last name 		Family: F719
 
8 In Dec 2002, researcher Edward Davies discovered the will of Augustine Walker dated April 1613 in which he mentions daughter Elizabeth Warren, wife of Richard Warren and her three children Mary, Ann, and Sarah. Family: F991
 
9 License # 2711 Family: F6
 
10 License #1222 Family: F195
 
11 License #1925 Family: F41
 
12 License #311 Family: F40
 
13 License #3597 Whiteside County, IL. Thomas listed as "Steen, Thomas E." Family: F10
 
14 License #4655 Family: F39
 
15 Marriage Bann, 11 FEB 1746/47, Woodstock, Windham, CT Family: F205
 
16 Marriage Bann, 14 FEB 1735/36, Woodstock, Windham, CT Family: F300
 
17 Marriage Bann, 22 MAY 1736, Woodstock, Windham, CT Family: F113
 
18 Marriage Bann, 3 SEP 1737, Scituate, Plymouth, MA Family: F256
 
19 Marriage Bann, 30 OCT 1768, South Brimfield [Wales], Hampden, MA Family: F204
 
20 Marriage License, 20 FEB 1610/11, Petersborough, Northamptonshire, England, page 25 of Marriage License Book of Petersborough (near Towcester) Family: F173
 
21 Marriage License, 31 MAR 1736, Woodstock, Windham, CT Family: F112
 
22 Married by Jonathan Sparrow, Esq. Family: F1040
 
23 Married by Mr. Benjamin Webb Family: F1039
 
24 Methodist Church Family: F1411
 
25 Methodist Church, witnessed by Wilbur E. Howard (George's brother) and Eva C. Lambly (Bertha's sister) Family: F70
 
26 Methodist Church. Witnessed by Hannah Lambly Family: F327
 
27 Methodist Church. Witnessed by John Lambly, Joseph Orr, William Lambly Family: F74
 
28 On 17 January 1724/5 "Peter Tolman being bound for recognizance to appear at this Court made his personal appearance to answer to begetting of Sarah Cook with child and Sarah Cook being likewise bound to appear at this Court for whom her father Mr. Cook appeared and Peter Tolman and Cook declaring that they were married the Court therefore considered that ye said Tolman pay a fine of twenty shillings for sd crime to His Majesty . . . " Family: F540
 
29 Rice Leonard's was administrator of his father-in-law's estate, the inventory of which was taken 6 May 1653. Thus he could not have married Mary Pilbeame about 1665 as is stated in the LDS Pedigree Resource File. See source for James Pilbeame's estate inventory. Family: F376
 
30 Roger Williams Family Association does not have a marriage date. Family: F158
 
31 Roydon is four miles southeast of Ware. Family: F1058
 
32 The genealogy of Barnard Hutchinson has this marriage listed as taking place in "Holgrave", but a search of the British Isles GenWeb parish locater shows that such a place does not exist. The NEHGR has it as taking place in "Cotgrave", which does exist in Nottinghamshire. Family: F338
 
33 Triple wedding: three Kingman children married three Mitchell children on the same day Family: F978
 
34 Triple wedding: three Kingman children married three Mitchell children on the same day Family: F1426
 
35 Triple wedding: three Kingman children married three Mitchell children on the same day Family: F1427
 
36 Vol. 1, p. 23 Family: F38
 
37 Witnessed by Lucinda Orr and Thomas Taylor Family: F1412
 
38 Alfonso IX of Leon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Alfonso IX of León (August 15, 1171 – September 23 or 24, 1230; ruled from 1188–1230), first cousin of Alfonso VIII of Castile, and numbered next to him as being a junior member of the family, is said by Ibn Khaldun to have been called the Baboso or "Slobberer", because he was subject to fits of rage during which he foamed at the mouth.

Alfonso was the only son of King Ferdinand II of Leon and Urraca of Portugal. Though he took a part in the work of the reconquest, this king is chiefly remembered by the difficulties into which his successive marriages led him with the pope. He was first married in 1191 to his cousin Teresa of Portugal, who bore him two daughters, and a son who died young.

The marriage was declared null by the pope, to whom Alfonso paid no attention till he was presumably tired of his wife. It cannot have been his conscience which constrained him to leave Teresa, for his next step was to marry Berenguela of Castile in 1197, who was his second cousin. For this act of contumacy the king and kingdom were placed under interdict.

The pope was, however, compelled to modify his measures by the threat that if the people could not obtain the services of religion they would not support the clergy, and that heresy would spread. The king was left under interdict personally, but to that he showed himself indifferent, and he had the support of his clergy. Berenguela left him after the birth of five children, and the king then returned to Teresa, to whose daughters he left his kingdom by will.

Alfonso's children were:

1. Fernando, died 1214
2. Sancha (c.1195-before 1243)
3. Dulce (1194-after 1243)
4. King Fernando III
5. Alfonso (1203-1272)
6. Berenguela, married John of Brienne
7. Constanza (1200-1242)
8. Leonor, died in infancy 		Alfonso IX King of Leon
 
39 Alfonso VIII of Castile
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Alfonso VIII (November 11, 1155 - October 5, 1214), king of Castile only, and grandson of Alfonso VII, is a great name in Spanish history, for he led the coalition of Christian princes and foreign crusaders who broke the power of the Almohades at the battle of the Navas de Tolosa in 1212.

His personal history is that of many medieval kings. He succeeded to the throne, in infancy, on the death of his father, Sancho. Though proclaimed king, he was regarded as a mere name by the unruly nobles to whom a minority was convenient. The devotion of a squire of his household, who carried him on the pommel of his saddle to the stronghold of San Esteban de Gormaz, saved him from falling into the hands of the contending factions of Castro and Lara, or of his uncle Ferdinand of León, who claimed the regency.

The loyalty of the town of Ávila protected his youth. He was barely fifteen when he came forth to do a man's work by restoring his kingdom to order. It was only by a surprise that he recovered his capital Toledo from the hands of the Laras. His marriage with Leonora of Aquitaine, daughter of Henry II of England, brought him under the influence of the greatest governing intellect of his time. Alfonso VIII was the founder of the first Spanish university, the studium generale of Palencia, which, however, did not survive him.

During his reign, Castile annexed the province of Logroño.

In 1176, Alfonso married Eleonor Plantagenet, daughter of King Henry II of England and his wife Eleonor of Aquitaine. They had 12 children:

* Berenguela, or Berenguaria, Queen of Castile (1180-1246), married to Conrad of Hohenstaufen, Duke of Swabia, and then to Alfonso IX, King of León; succeeded her brother, Henry I
* Sancho, prince of Castile (1181)
* Sancha, princess of Castile (1182-1184)
* Urraca, princess of Castile (1186-1220), married to Alfonso II of Portugal
* Blanche, a.k.a Blanche of Castile, princess of Castile (1188-1252), married to Louis VIII of France
* Ferdinand, prince of Castile (1189-1211)
* Mafalda, princess of Castile (1191-1204)
* Henry, prince of Castile (1192 - 1190s)
* Constance or Constanza, princess of Castile (1196 - late 1190s)
* Eleonor or Eleanor, princess of Castile (1202-1244), married to James I of Aragon
* Henry I of Castile (1204-1217) succeeded his father.
* Constance or Constanza, princess of Castile (?-1243), abbess of Las Huelgas 		Alfonso VIII King of Castile
 
40 the Gallo-Roman Senator Ansbertus
 
41 Aupais was the concubine of Pepin of Heristal Aupais
 
42 Principality of Wales
Dafydd ap Llywelyn 1208 - 1246

Dafydd was the son of Llywelyn ap Iorwerth and Joan. In 1230, he married Isabella de Breos, despite the fact that his father had just hanged his father-in-law. A month after inheriting Gwynedd in April 1240, he met his uncle and overlord, Henry III, who insisted that Dafydd should send to England his half brother Gruffudd, who could be used as a threat to ensure Dafydd's compliance with the king's wishes. In 1244, Gruffudd was killed while seeking to escape from the Tower of London on a rope of knotted sheets. Freed from a rival, Dafydd sought to re-establish the position enjoyed by his father but he died in 1246 before fully realising his ambitions.

[from http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/timelines/wales/dafydd.shtml] 		Davydd ap Llywelyn
 
43 Possibly daughter of Thomas Rogers, see Stratton, p. 287. Elizabeth
 
44 no lot identified Harriet A
 
45 Henry I of England
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Henry I (c.1068 – December 1, 1135), called Henry Beauclerk or Henry Beauclerc because of his scholarly interests, was the youngest son of William the Conqueror. He reigned as King of England from 1100 to 1135, succeeding his brother, William II Rufus. He was also known by the nickname "Lion of Justice". His reign is noted for his limitations on the power of the crown, his improvements in the machinery of government, his reuniting of the dominions of his father, and his controversial decision to name his daughter as his heir.

Henry was born between May 1068 and May 1069, probably in Selby, Yorkshire in England. His mother, Queen Matilda, named him after her uncle, King Henry I of France. As the youngest son of the family, he was most likely expected to become a bishop and was given extensive schooling for a young nobleman of that time period. William of Malmesbury asserts that Henry once remarked that an illiterate king was a crowned ass. He was probably the first Norman ruler to be fluent in English.

His father William, upon his death in 1087, bequeathed his dominions to his sons in the following manner:

* Robert received the Duchy of Normandy
* William received the Kingdom of England
* Henry received 5,000 pounds of silver

Orderic Vitalis reports that King William declared to Henry: "You in your own time will have all the dominions I have acquired and be greater than both your brothers in wealth and power."

The two older brothers made an agreement that if either died without an heir, the two dominions of their father would be reunited under the surviving brother. When William II died in 1100, however, Robert was returning from the First Crusade. His absence, along with his poor reputation among the Norman nobles, allowed Henry to seize the keys of the royal hoard at Winchester. He was accepted as king by the leading barons and was crowned three days later on August 5 at Westminster. He immediately secured his position among the nobles by issuing the Charter of Liberties, which is considered a forerunner of the Magna Carta.

On November 11, 1100 Henry married Edith, daughter of King Malcolm III of Scotland. Since Edith was also the niece of Edgar Atheling, the marriage united the Norman line with old English line of kings. The marriage greatly displeased the Norman barons, however, and as a concession to their sensibilities, Edith changed her named to Matilda upon becoming queen.

The following year in 1101, Robert Curthose attempted to seize back the crown by invading England. In the Treaty of Alton, Robert agreed to recognize Henry as king of England and return peacefully to Normandy, upon receipt of an annual sum of 2000 marks, which Henry proceeded to pay.

In 1105, to eliminate the continuing threat from Robert, Henry led an expeditionary force across the English Channel. In 1106, he decisively defeated his brother's Norman army at Tinchebray. He imprisoned his brother and appropriated the Duchy of Normandy as a possession of England, thus reuniting his father's dominions.

As king, Henry carried out social and judicial reforms, including:

* issuing the Charter of Liberties
* restoring laws of King Edward the Confessor.

However, Henry was also known for some brutal acts. He once threw a traitorous burgher named Conan Pilatus from the tower of Rouen; the tower was known from then on as "Conan's Leap". In another instance that took place in 1119, King Henry's son-in-law, Eustace de Pacy, and Ralph Harnec, the constable of Ivry, exchanged their children as hostages. When Eustace blinded Harnec's son, Harnec demanded vengeance. King Henry allowed Harnec to blind and mutiliate Eustace's two daughters, who were also Henry's own grandchildren. Eustace and his wife, Juliane, were outraged and threatened to rebel. Henry arranged to meet his daughter at a parlay at Breteuil, only for Juliane to draw a crossbow and attempt to assassinate her father. She was captured and confined to the castle, but escaped by leaping from a window into the moat below. Some years later Henry was reconciled to his daughter and son-in-law.

He had two children by Matilda before her death in 1118: Maud, born February 1102, and William Adelin, born November 1103. On January 29, 1121, he married Adeliza, daughter of Godfrey, Count of Louvain, but there were no children from this marriage. Disaster struck when his only legitimate son William Adelin perished in the wreck of the White Ship, on November 25, 1120, off the coast of Normandy. Also among the dead were two of Henry's bastard children, as well as a niece, Lucia de Blois. It was said that King Henry was never again seen to smile after being told of William Adelin's death.

Left without male heirs, Henry took the unprecedented step of making his barons swear to accept his daughter Matilda, widow of Henry V, the Holy Roman Emperor, as his heir.

Henry died of food poisoning from eating foul lampreys in December, 1135, at St. Denis le Fermont in Normandy and was buried at Reading Abbey.

Although Henry's barons had sworn allegiance to his daughter Matilda as their queen, Matilda's sex and her remarriage to the House of Anjou, an enemy of the Normans, allowed Henry's nephew Stephen of Boulogne to come to England and claim the throne with popular support.

The struggle between Matilda and Stephen resulted in a long civil war known as the Anarchy. The dispute was eventually settled by Stephen's naming of Matilda's son, Henry, as his heir in 1153. 		Henry I King of England
 
46 Executed for witchcraft Accused and convicted of using witchcraft to kill Henry Stiles of Windsor, who had been her husband's former employer. "Lydea Gilburt thou art heere indited by that name of Lydea Gilburt that no hauing the feare of god before thy Eyes thou hast of late years or still dust giue Entertainement to Bather [sic] the greate Enemy of god and mankinde and by his helpe hast killed the Body of Henry Styles besides other witchcrafts for which according to the law of god and the Estableshed law of this Comonwealth thou deservest to Dye . . . ye Party aboue mentioned is found guilty of witchcraft by ye Jury." Lydia
 
47 Malcolm III of Scotland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, known as King Malcolm III of Scotland, (1031? – November 13, 1093) also known as Malcolm Canmore (Malcolm with the large head), was the eldest son of King Duncan I of Scotland and first king of the House of Dunkeld.

In 1040 his father was killed in battle by his cousin Macbeth I of Scotland who became the new king. Malcolm found refuge in England under the protection of King Hardicanute of Denmark and England. In 1042 Hardicanute died and was succeeded to the throne of England by his half-brother King Edward the Confessor. In 1053 Edward finally agreed to help Malcolm gain the throne of Scotland by offering him an army. Malcolm's invasion of Scotland started in the same year. Malcolm found support from the nobles of Southern Scotland. He managed to kill first Macbeth in 1057 and then his successor King Lulach I of Scotland in 1058. He then succeeded Lulach as king. He was crowned at Scone Abbey, Perthshire, on April 25, 1058. He married Ingibjörg Finnsdóttir, widow of the Jarl of Orkney, in about 1065 and they had three sons: Duncan, Domnall (d.1085), and Malcolm (d. after 1094). Ingibjörg was dead by 1070, when he wed Margaret.

He agreed on an alliance with England, sealed by his (second) marriage to Saint Margaret, Edgar Atheling's sister. Malcolm had several sons by Margaret - these became known as the Margaretsons. Margaret herself promoted the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland throughout Malcolm's reign. At that time, Christianity did exist in Scotland in the form of the Celtic Church, but varied from Roman Catholic practice in some respects e.g. the dating of Easter and the shape of monks' tonsures.

During his reign Scotland fell under the influence of England. The Lowlands of Scotland started speaking an early Scots dialect and adopting Anglo-Saxon habits. Malcolm unsuccessfully tried to stop this influence by having wars with the Norman kings of England after 1066. In 1072 he was forced to give on oath of subservience to William I of England.

His war against William II of England in 1093 only led to the loss of Scottish territory to England. Malcolm died on November of the same year in an ambush during a battle against William's army. His eldest Margaretson son, Edward, also died in that ambush. Malcolm was succeeded by his brother Donald III of Scotland.

Malcolm established the Dunkeld dynasty which ruled Scotland from 1058 until 1286. Four of his sons (Duncan II, Edgar, Alexander I, and David I) became kings of Scotland, whilst a fifth (Edmund) ruled as co-ruler of Scotland with his uncle Donald III. His daughter Edith married Henry I of England in 1100. She became known as Matilda after her marriage. His other daughter Mary wed Eustace III of Boulogne. 		Malcolm III King of Scotland
 
48 Saint Margaret of Scotland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Saint Margaret of Scotland (circa 1045 - 1093), Edgar Atheling's sister, married King Malcolm Canmore.

The daughter of the English prince Edward the Exile or "Edward Outremer", son of Edmund Ironside, Margaret was probably born in Hungary. The provenance of her mother Agatha is disputed: certainly related to the kings of Hungary, she was either a descendant of Emperor Henry III or a daughter of Yaroslav I of Kiev.

When her uncle, King Edward the Confessor, died in 1066, she was living in England where her brother, Edgar Atheling, had decided to make a claim to the vacant throne. After the conquest of England by the Normans, the widowed Agatha decided to leave Northumberland with her children and return to the Continent, but a storm drove their ship to Scotland where they sought the protection of King Malcolm Canmore. The marriage of Malcolm and Margaret soon took place and was followed by several invasions of Northumberland by the Scottish king, probably in support of the claims of his brother-in-law Edgar. These, however, had little result beyond the devastation of the province.

Far more important were the effects of this alliance upon the history of Scotland. A considerable portion of the old Northumbrian kingdom had been reduced by the Scottish kings in the previous century, but up to this time the English population had little influence upon the ruling element of the kingdom. Malcolm's marriage undoubtedly improved the condition of the English to a great extent, and under Margaret's sons, Edgar, Alexander I and David I, the Scottish court practically became anglicized.

Margaret died on 16 November, 1093, four days after her husband and her eldest son Edward, who were killed in an invasion of Northumberland. She rebuilt the monastery of Iona, and was canonised in 1251 by Pope Innocent IV on account of her great benefactions to the Church.

The Roman Catholic church formerly marked the feast of Saint Margaret of Scotland on June 10, but the date was transferred to November 16 in the liturgical reform of 1972.

See Chronicles of the Picts and Scots (Edinburgh, 1867) edited 1876, by W. F. Skene; and W. F. Skene, Celtic Scotland (Edinburgh). 		Margaret of Scotland
 
49 Empress Maud
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Empress Maud (1102--September 10, 1169) is the title by which Matilda, daughter and dispossessed heir of King Henry I of England and his wife Maud of Scotland (herself daughter of Malcolm III Canmore and St. Margaret of Scotland), is known, in order to differentiate her from the many other Matildas of the period. Matilda is the Latin form of the name "Maud" (or "Maude").

Maud was christened Adelaide, but took her mother's name of Matilda when she married for the first time, on January 7, 1114. Her first husband was Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, but the marriage was childless and Henry died in 1125. Maud returned to England, where her father named her his heir, and arranged another marriage for her. In 1127, she was married again, at Le Mans in Anjou, to Geoffrey of Anjou, who was eleven years her junior. He was nicknamed "Plantagenet" from the broom flower (planta genista) which he took as his emblem, hence the name of the line of English kings descended from him. Although the marriage could not be said to be a happy one, it did produce three sons, the eldest of whom, Henry, was born on March 5, 1133. Besides Henry, Maud also bore two other sons, Geoffrey, Count of Nantes and William, Count of Poitou.

On the death of her father in 1135, Maud expected to succeed to the throne of England, but her cousin, Stephen of Blois usurped the throne, breaking an oath he had previously made to defend her rights. The civil war which followed was bitter and prolonged, with neither side gaining the ascendancy for long, but it was not until 1139 that Maud could command the military strength necessary to challenge Stephen within his own realm. Stephen's wife was another Matilda: Matilda, countess of Boulogne. During the war, Maud's most loyal and capable supporter was her half-brother, Robert of Gloucester.

Maud's greatest triumph came in April 1141, when her forces defeated and captured King Stephen, who was made a prisoner and effectively deposed. Although she now controlled the kingdom, Maud never styled herself queen but took the title "Lady of the English". Her advantage lasted only a few months. By November, Stephen was free, and a year later, the tables were turned when Maud was besieged at Oxford but escaped, supposedly by fleeing across the snow-covered land in a white cape. In 1147, Maud was finally forced to return to France, following the death of Robert of Gloucester.

All hope was not lost. Maud's son, Henry (later, Henry II of England), was showing signs of becoming a successful leader. Although the civil war had been decided in Stephen's favour, his reign was troubled. In 1153, the death of his son Eustace, combined with the arrival of a military expedition led by Henry, led him to acknowledge the latter as his heir by the Treaty of Wallingford. Maud died at Rouen, and was buried in the cathedral there; her epitaph reads: "Here lies the daughter, wife, and mother of Henry."

Sources

* Gervase of Canterbury
* Robert of Torigny
* Roger of Hovedon

Historical fiction

The civil war between supporters of Stephen and the supporters of Maud is the background for the popular "Brother Cadfael" books by Ellis Peters, and the films made from them starring Sir Derek Jacobi as that rare Benedictine. It is also an important part in the storyline of Ken Follett's most popular novel Pillars of the Earth. 		Maud of England
 
50 Conveyed land to son Samuel 22 July 1807 (Rockingham County deeds, see Anderson). Died at her daughter's, C. H. Robinson. Mehitable
 

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